Help With Citations

02/05/10

MLA Bibliographic Style--A Brief Guide

Parenthetical citations

Quotations

For print sources

For electronic sources

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INTERACTIVE ONLINE MLA LESSON
The MLA Format: Avoiding Plagiarism and Documenting Sources
http://www.rlc.dcccd.edu/library/infolit-ol/mlasl/
_____________________________________________________________________________________

You can find advice on using APA style at the Purdue OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.htm

and at the APA site http://www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html .

( Some teachers might suggest you use APA, an alternate style used more often in scientific research and developed by the American Psychological Association. )

This handout is designed to be a quick reference guide to the MLA style of documenting sources in research papers. Your "Works Cited" section should appear at the end of your paper and works should be arranged alphabetically by author (or title, if no author appears in the entry.) In this section you should list only works actually cited. (Your teacher may also request a list of works consulted.) For further information about types of entries not listed here, consult Joseph Gibaldi's MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 5th edition, which is available at the circulation desk. For further information, consult the official page of the Modern Language Association http://www.mla.org .

Check out the Citation Styles Online at:

the Purdue Owl MLA Formatting and Style Guide http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/01/
the Guide for Writing Research Papers based on Modern Language Association( prepared by the Humanities Department and the Arthur C. Banks, Jr.) http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/citex.html
Library Capital Community-Technical College Hartford, Connecticut http://cctc.commnet.edu/mla.htm
Sources: Their Use and Acknowledgment by Dartmouth College http://www.dartmouth.edu/~sources/
Duke University Libraries Citing Sources
http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/works_cited .

Underlining vs. italics: Though MLA style traditionally recommended underlining the titles of major works, many publications now utilize italics. The MLA Web site addresses this fascinating controversy! "Most word processing programs and computer printers permit the reproduction of italic type. In material that will be graded or edited for publication, however, the type style of every letter and punctuation mark must be easily recognizable. Italic type is sometimes not distinctive enough for this purpose. . .If you wish to use italics rather than underlining, check your instructor's or editor's preferences."

Other tips:

If no author is given, start the citation with the title.
Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June and July.
Indent the second line and all other lines 5 spaces.

Note: MLA recommends double spacing citations, but many teachers prefer citations single spaced. Please check to determine your teacher's preferences.

Parenthetical Citations

MLA format follows the author-page method of citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear in your works cited list. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.

For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

If the work you are making reference to has no author, use an abbreviated version of the work's title. For non-print sources, such as films, TV series, pictures, or other media, or electronic sources, include the name that begins the entry in the Works Cited page.

For example:

An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional ("Wordsworth Is A Loser" 100).

Sometimes you may have to use an indirect quotation. An indirect quotation is a quotation that you found in another source that was quoting from the original. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source.

For example:

Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd.in Weisman 259).

Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even her or his full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. If you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the other works by that same person.

For example:

Two authors with the same last name:

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

Two works by the same author:

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17).

For more about using parenthetical citations, visit MLA In-Text Citations (at Research and Documentation Online) or MLA Documentation: Citations in Text (from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center), or see the additional resources section at the Purdue Owl http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html

Quotations

When you directly quote the works of others in your paper, you will format quotations differently depending on whether they are long or short quotations. Here are some basic guidelines for incorporating quotations into your paper.

Short Quotations

To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks and incorporate it into your text. Provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference in the works-cited list. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.

For example:

According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree.

According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184).

Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)?

Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there/ That's all I remember" (11-12).

Long Quotations

Place quotations longer than four typed lines in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented one inch from the left margin, and maintain double-spacing. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.)

For example:

Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:

They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Brontë 78)

In her poem "Sources," Adrienne Rich explores the roles of women in shaping their world:

The faithful drudging child

the child at the oak desk whose penmanship,

hard work, style will win her prizes

becomes the woman with a mission, not to win prizes

but to change the laws of history. (23)

Adding or Omitting Words In Quotations

If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text.

For example:

Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).

If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or word by using ellipsis marks surrounded by brackets.

For example:

In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale [...] and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).

If there are ellipsis marks in the quoted author's work, do not put brackets around them; only use brackets around ellipsis marks to distinguish them from ellipsis marks in the quoted author's work.

Citing Print Sources

Format for the "WORKS CITED" section:

A Book By One Author

English, Carol. The Cliffs Won't Do: Read the Book . Philadelphia: McGraw Hill, 1997.

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Small, Chris. Please, Help Me Carry My Keys! Topeka: Rand, 1993.

- - - . Don't Measure a Chemist by Her Size . New York: Feminist, 1993.

A Book By Two Authors

Drucker, Darla and Amy Jones. How to Survive Your Wedding . New York: Simon and

Schuster, 1997.

A Book by Three Authors

Simpson, Homer, Bugs Bunny, and Charlie Brown. Cartoon Life is a Drag. Los Angeles: Warner Bros., 2004.

A Book by a Corporate Author

Springfield Township Home Economics Department. Cooking with Spice. New York: Scribners,

1993.

A Book with an Editor

Valenza, Joyce ed. Bagels and Books: An Anthology. Brooklyn, NY: Random House, 1991.

A Work in an Anthology

Smith, James. "The Physics of Sushi." The Fabulous Physics Paper . Ed. Samuel Klein.

Rome: Cambridge UP, 1854. 46-59.

A Work (Essay, Story, etc.) in an Anthology Previously Published in Another Collection

Girard, Rene. "Hamlet's Dull Revenge." Literary Theory / Renaissance Texts . Ed. Patricia Parker and David Quint.

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1986. 280-302. Rpt. in Major Literary Characters: Hamlet . Ed. Harold Bloom.

New York: Chelsea House, 1990. 166-185.

An Edition Other Than the First

Peters, Michael. Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Keeping Your Classroom

Neat and Clean . 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lysol, 1995.

A Signed Article in a Reference Book

Copaset, Sandra. "Zen and the Art of Wearing Blue and Khaki." Encyclopedia Americana .

1996 ed. back to top

An Unsigned Article in a Reference Book

"Best Beards of All Time." Encyclopedia of Anatomy and Hair . 15th ed. 1993.

An Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination

Skater, Andrew. "Rollerblading on a Secondary Level." Secondary Education 54(1990):

113-25.

An Article From a Monthly or Bi-Monthly Periodical

Ramsey, Pamela. "Where's My Smiley Face?" MacWorld Sept. 1997: 86-94.

An Article from a Weekly or Biweekly Periodical

Henry, Mary Ann. "Announcing Bus Changes With Flair." Time 4 July 1991: 17-76. back to top

A Signed Article from a Daily Newspaper

Goldberg, Grace. "The Inside Track: Alumni Life." Trojan Times 10 Oct. 1991: 17.

Smith, Bob. “Schools Losing Ground.” USA Today 5 May 2001:5D

An Unsigned Article from a Daily Newspaper

"Striking a Pose With Sally Miles." New York Times 15 Oct. 1997, late ed. sec.: 35+.

A Critical Analysis, Signed Excerpt / Previously Published Scholarly Article (Option #1)

Check for your teacher's preferred option.

Ross, Stephan S. "Tom Wolfe." Rpt. of "The Rhetoric of the Right Stuff."

Journal of General Education 33 (1981): 113-22. Rpt. in Contemporary

Literary Criticism . Ed. Daniel G. Marowski. 35: 458-460. back to top

A Critical Analysis, Signed Excerpt (Option # 2)

Check for your teacher's preferred option

Ross, Stephan S. "Tom Wolfe." Contemporary Literary Criticism .

Ed. Daniel G. Marowski. 35: 458-460.

Facts on File

"Berger's Greatest Speeches." Facts on File World News Digest 3 Sept. 1998: 535.

SIRS (Print Notebooks)

McLaughlin, Janet. "AP History--The McLaughlin Group." Forbes June 1993: 21-23.

History. Ed. by Eleanor Goldstein. Vol. 5. Boca Raton, Fla: Social Issues Resources

Series, 1995. Art. 35. back to top

Films; Radio and Television Programs

"Starring the Other Peggy Lee." Slightly Off Broadway--The Series . Prod. Sheldon Wang.

PBS. WNET, New York. 6 Aug. 1995.

Making Creative Bookcovers . Dir. Tom Martin. Videocassette. Clemens, 1997.

Personal or Telephone Interview

Craig, John. Personal interview. 23 Sept. 1994.

Personal photograph (Good for your scanned images!)

(Begin with a description of the photo. Do not use italics or quotation marks. Indicate who took the photo and the date it was taken.)

Grandpa Al at Home. Personal photograph by Susan Student. 28 May 2003. back to top

Citing works within your text:

To document your sources, cite the author's name and the page number of the source in

parentheses at the end of the sentence, before the final period:

Lowfat cream cheese can save you 300 grams of fat per year (Valenza 35).

If the author's name is used in your sentence you may just refer to page numbers:

Copaset argues that "yellow simply does not interact well with khaki" (45).

If you are referring to the whole work rather than a specific section, you may omit any

reference in parentheses:

Berger's main thesis is that by using motifs, organic unity is easier to achieve

Citing Electronic Sources

WWW (general)

online encyclopedia article

journal article (database)

(EBSCO, elibrary, InfoTrac, CQ Researcher)

SIRS

Facts.com

CD-ROM

e-mail

chat

listserv

usenet newsgroup

Magazine article on the Web

Beyond Books

Images/Sound/Video Clips

AP Photo Archive

GaleNet : Biography Resource Center/Literature Resource Center/Student Resource Center

Wilson Biographies

Uniform standards are being developed to address the changes in information. Sites devoted to cybercitation issues are popping up all over the Web. These sites vary in their interpretation of how MLA applies to online sources, but the patterns in each example are similar. What is most important in documenting electronic resources, is to give the reader as much essential information as possible (e.g. author, title, publication data) to identify the source you are citing. Remember to check http://www.mla.org for more information.

Parenthetical notes: One of the most frequently asked questions these days is "How do I prepare a parenthetical note for a Web page if a Web page has no page numbers?"

The MLA has an answer: "For any type of source, you must include information in your text that directs readers to the correct entry in the works-cited list. . .Web documents generally do not have fixed page numbers or any kind of section numbering. If your source lacks numbering, omit numbers from your parenthetical references. If your source includes fixed page numbers or section numbering (such as numbering of paragraphs), cite the relevant numbers. Give the appropriate abbreviation before the numbers (Moulthrop, pars. 19-20)." (Pars. is the abbreviation for paragraphs.) For a document on the Web, the page numbers of a printout should normally not be cited, because the pagination may vary in different printouts."

World Wide Web (General Web site) :

Format:

Author (if known). “Title of Page or Document.” Title of Site or Larger Work (if applicable) .

Date of electronic publication, last update, or date of posting. Name of any

Associated Institution. Date of download. < http://address/filename>.

Examples:

Cassutto, George. “Social Studies and the World Wide Web.” 8 June 1996.

Hagerstown High School. 3 Oct. 1997. <http://www.fred.net/nhhs/html3/article3.htm>.

Smith, George. “Graf Has Look of a Champion.” ESPNET SportsZone . 29 Aug. 1996.

<http://www.espn.com/gen/top/0108716001.html>. back to top

Article in an online magazine (not accessed through a subscription service)

Format:

Author of article. Title of article. Title of Magazine Date of electronic publication. Date of access. <http://address/filename>.

Example:

Smith, Jane. "Who Really Invented the Internet?" Web Weekly 26 Feb 2001. 4 May 2001. <http://webweekly.com/smithwho/>.

Article in an online encyclopedia: back to top

Format:

Author. “Title of Article.” Title of Reference Work . Edition or version (if available).

Date of electronic publication. Title of the Database or Online Service .

Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System (if appropriate).

Date of access. < http://address/filename>.

Example:

Cook, Sarah Gibbard. “Berlin, Germany.” Encyclopedia Americana Online . Sussex County Tech HS Lib.

Mar. 1997. Grolier Online . 29 Feb. 1999. <http://grolier.go.com>. back to top

Journal material accessed from a subscription service (EBSCO, elibrary, InfoTrac, CQ Researcher, etc.)

Format:

Author. “Article Title.” Periodical Title Date of print publication (if available): pages.

Database Name (if any) . Publisher (if appropriate). Name of Providing Library,

Consortium or Library System. Date of access.<http://address/filename>.

Example:

Brown, Susan. “Writing the Perfect Paper.” High School Weekly 12 Sept. 1996: 22.

EBSCOHost . ACCESS PA. 25 Nov. 2004. <http://ehostweb14.epnet.com/>.

Williams, Larry. “Speedy Internet May Spur Innovations.” Philadelphia Inquirer back to top

16 Aug. 1996: A03. Sussex County Tech HS Lib. 7 Dec. 2005. <http://www.phillynews.com/archive.htm>.

Clark, Charles S. "The FBI Under Fire." CQ Researcher 11 April 1997:315-22. Sussex County Tech HS Lib.

3 Sept. 2004. <http: resource.cq.com>.

Brown, Charlie. "My Life in Cartoons." Cartoon Week 21 Nov. 1999: 7-12. General

Reference Center Gold on Student Resource Center . Gale Group.

Sussex County Tech HS Lib. 15 Dec. 2004. <http://www.galegroup.com/>. back to top

SIRS Online Products:

Format:

Author. "Article Title." Original source of article Date of original source: pages.

Product Name . Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System.

Date of access. <http://address/filename>.

Researcher example:

Frick, Robert. "Investing in Medical Miracles." Kiplinger's Personal Finance

Feb. 1999: 80-87. SIRS Knowledge Source: Researcher .

(May substitute Renaissance or Government Reporter ) Sussex County Tech HS Lib.

25 July 1999. <http://sks.sirs.com/>. back to top

Facts.com:

Format:

"Article Title." Original Source of the Article . Date of original source. Product Name . Publisher.

Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of access. <http://address/filename>.

Facts.com example

"Safe Drinking Water Act Signed." Facts On File World News Digest 22 Aug. 1996.

FACTS.com . Facts On File News Services. Sussex County Tech HS Lib. 20 Jan. 2004.

<http://www.2facts.com>.

"Issues and Controversies: Racial Disparities." Issues and Controversies On File

13 Jan. 1996. FACTS.com . Facts On File News Services. back to top

Sussex County Tech HS Lib. 15 Nov. 2004. <http://www.2facts.com>.

GaleNet/Student Resource Center or General Reference Center:

Format for a periodical reference:

Format:

Author. "Article Title." Original Source of the Article Date of original source. Pages of original source.

Specific Database on Larger Database (if appropriate). Gale Group. Name of Providing Library,

Consortium or Library System. Date of access. <http://www.galenet.com>.

Example:

Brown, Charlie. "My Life in Cartoons." Cartoon Week 21 Nov. 1999: 7-12.

General Reference Center Gold. Gale Group. Sussex County Tech HS Lib.

15 Dec. 2003. <http://www.galenet.com>.

Format for an article that appeared in a book:

Format: back to top

Author. "Article Title." Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Date. Pages.

Specific Database on GaleNet or Larger Database (if appropriate) .

Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System.

Date of access. <http://galenet.gale.com>.

Example:

Hoffman, Baruch, Elaine. "The Golden Country: Sex and Love in 1984 ."

1984 Reviewed in Our Century . New York: Harper and Row, 1983. 47-56.

Republished in Contemporary Literary Criticism Select on Student Resource

Center . Sussex County Tech HS Lib. <http://www.galenet.com>.

Format for a reference article (not previously published): back to top

Format:

Author (if provided). "Article Title." Specific Database on Student Resource Center.

Gale Group. Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System.

Date of access. <http://www.galenet.com>.

Example:

"Classical Greek Civilization, 2000 B.C.-300 B.C." DISCovering World History on Student

Resource Center . Gale Group. Sussex County Tech HS Lib. 12 Oct. 2004.

<http://www.galenet.com>.

or back to top

"Dean Koontz." DISCovering Authors Modules on Student Resource Center. Gale Group.

Sussex County Tech HS Lib. 3 Dec. 2000. <http://www.galenet.com>.

Format for a republished journal essay:

Format:

Author (if provided). "Article Title." Original Source of Article Date of original source: Pages of

original source. Specific Gale Database on Larger Database (if appropriate). Gale Group.

Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of access. <http://www.galenet.com>.

Example:

Levin, Harry. "Wonderland Revisited." The Kenyon Review Autumn, 1965: 591-93. Contemporary

Literary Criticism Select on Literature Resource Center. Gale Group. back to top

Sussex County Tech HS Lib. 13 Oct. 2004. <http://www.galenet.com>.

Berger, Carol. "Profile of a Basketball Great." Sports in Philadelphia 12 Nov. 1999. Biography

Resource Center . Gale Group. Springfield Township HS. Lib.

20 Dec. 2004. <http://www.galenet.com>.

Format for a journal article republished from a multi-volume reference series:

Author (if provided). "Article Title." Original Source of Article. Editor. Volume : Pages of

original source. Specific Gale Database on Larger Database (if appropriate). Gale Group.

Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System.

Date of access. <http://www.galenet.com>.

Examples: back to top

Sturber, Robert. "Imagery in Great Expectations." Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism.

Ed. Carol Packard. 26: 235-50. Literature Resource Center. Gale Group.

Sussex County Tech HS Lib. 23 Jan. 2003. <http://www.galenet.com>.

Shostak, Debra. "Plot as Repetition: John Irving's Narrative Experiments." Critique 37 (Fall 1995): 51-70.

Novels for Students on Literature Resource Center. Gale Group. Sussex County Tech HS Lib.

5 Jan. 2004. <http://www.galenet.com>.

Wilson Biographies

Format:

Author (if provided). "Article Title." Original Source of Article. Date of original source. Pages of

original source (if available). Specific database on WilsonWeb .

Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System.

Date of access. <http://vweb.hwwilsonweb.com/>.

Example:

"Edward Albee." Current Biography . 1996. Wilson Biographies Illustrated Plus on WilsonWeb .

Sussex County Tech HS Lib. 15 Dec. 2004. <http://vweb.hwwilsonweb.com/>. back to top

Beyond Books

Format:

"Book: Section: Article Title." Date of Original Source. Name of Database. Apex Learning.

Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of Access.

<http://www.beyondbooks.com/>.

Example:

"Shakespeare: Shakespeare's London: Women." 13 March 2003. Beyond Books.com . Apex Learning.

Sussex County Tech HS Lib. 31 March 2003. <http://www.beyondbooks.com/sha91/1f.asp>.

CD-ROMs back to top

Non-periodical (encyclopedias, etc.):

Format:

Name of Author (if given). “Title of Part of Work.” Title of Product. Edition or release, if

relevant. Publication medium CD-ROM. City of Publication: Publisher,

Year of publication.

Example:

Wallechinsky, David. “Olympic Games.” Encyclopedia Encarta . CD-ROM. Redmond, WA:

Microsoft, 2004.

Examples of CD-ROMs: back to top

When you are working with a journal reprint:

Ochshorn, Kathleen G. "A Cloak of Grace: Contradictions in 'A Good Man is Hard to Find'," in

Studies in American Fiction , Vol. 18, no.1, Spring 1990, pp. 113-7; republished

in EXPLORING Short Stories 1.0 CD-ROM. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998.

Gale biographies, character descriptions, overviews, or other material written by Gale on CD-ROM:

"Biography of William Shakespeare." EXPLORING Shakespeare 1.0 CD-ROM. Detroit: Gale

Research, 1997.

Whicter, George F. "Dickinson, Emily Elizabeth." Dictionary of American Biography on CD-ROM .

CD-ROM. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1997. back to top

CD-ROM (Periodical)

Format:

Name of Author (if available). “Title of article.” Title of Journal or Newspaper Publication

information for printed source. Title of Database . Publication medium

CD-ROM. Name of Vendor (if relevant). Electronic publication date.

Example:

Nethead, Jane. “Email Rules.” New York Times 15 November 1995, late ed.: B3.

New York Times Ondisc . CD-ROM. UMI-Proquest. Jan. 1996. back to top

E-Mail :

(Warning: Though many style sheets advise listing personal e-mail addresses in a citation, there is the danger of violating the privacy of the author or the recipient. The MLA Handbook does not recommend including addresses.)

Format:

Sender's Last Name, First Name. “Subject Line from Posting.” Day Month Year of Posting.

Personal e-mail. (or E-mail to recipient's name.) Day Month Year of Access.

Smith, William. "Trial results." 12 Jan. 1999. E-mail to John Henry. 29 May 1999. back to top

Listserv:

Format:

Author (if given). "Subject of Message." Date of posting. Online posting. Name of Discussion List. Access date.

<URL or email address of the list.>.

Williams, Jim. “Computer to T.V. Screen.” 6 August 1995. Online posting. Global Technology Discussion Group. 21 Nov. 1999.

<http://www.gtdg.org> or <listserv@citation.edu.>. back to top

Online Chat or synchronous communication:

Format:

Name of Speaker. (if available). "Description of the event." Date of session or event. Forum of the communication. Date of access.<Web or network address>.

Example:

Yente, Ima. "Online discussion of future fuels." 24 Oct. 1997. EnvironMOO. 28 June 2000. <telnet:// IRC@envirosite.edu>.

Images/Sound/Video Clips / AP Photo Archive back to top

Online images

Format:

Artist if Available. "Description or Title of Image." Date of image. Online image. Title of Larger Site .

Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System (if appropriate).

Date of download. <http://address.website.org>.

Example:

"Mars Landing." Online image. 3 Nov. 1999. NASA. 4 Oct. 2002. <http://www.nasa.org>.

Weaver, Bruce. "Challenger Explosion." 28 Jan 1986. Online image. AP Photo Archive . back to top

Sussex County Tech HS Lib. 30 Jan. 1999. <http://accuweather.ap.org/cgi-bin/aplaunch.pl>.

Online sound

Format:

Creator if Available. "Description or Title of Sound." Date of Sound. Online sound. Title of Larger Site. Date of download.

<http://address.website.org>.

Example:

"This Week's Saturday Radio Address." 25 Oct. 1998. Online sound. Whitehouse Briefing Room . 23 Oct. 2000.

<http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/html/briefroom.html>.

Online video clip back to top

Format:

"Description or Title of Video Clip." Date of clip. Online video clip. Title of Larger Site .

Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System (if appropriate).

Date of download. <http://address.website.org>.

Example:

"Hindenburg Broadcast." 6 May 1937. Online video clip. Encarta Online Deluxe. Sussex County Tech HS Lib.

4 Nov. 2000. <http://encarta.msn.com/encarta/MediaMax.asp?z>

back to electronic citations table

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ Information based on:

Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York: Modern Language

Association, 2003.

"Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format." Purdue University Online WritingLab. <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html>

"What is MLA Style?" Modern Language Association. 9 July 1998. 4 Mar. 2004. <http://www.mla.org/main_stl-nf.htm>.

Adapted from Power Tools: Recharged by Joyce Kasman Valenza. Copyright

2004. American Library Association. Used by permission of ALA Editions. <http://mciu.org/~spjvweb/mla.html>

This site was last updated 02/05/10